Footnotes


1.  "Return the Rod," Newsweek, September 5, 1977, p. 83.
2. "Help! Teacher Can't Teach!," Time, June 16, 1980, p. 54.
3. Ibid., p. 54.
4. Alvin Toffler, The Third Wave (New York: Wm. Morrow, 1980).
5. Frances FitzGerald, America Revised: History Schoolbooks In the Twentieth Century (New York Atlantic/Little, Brown, 1980).
6. Walter Karp, "Textbook America," (rev. of FitzGerald, op.cit.) Harper's, May, 1980, p. 80.
7. Ibid., p. 82.
8. Ibid., p. 82.
9. Ibid., p. 83.
10. Ibid., p. 88
11. "I Feel So Helpless, So Hopeless," Time, June 16, 1980, p. 54.
12. "Help! Teacher Can't Teach!" Time, June 16, 1980, p. 54.
13. "High Schools in U.S. Need Overhaul, Report by Carnegie Council Asserts," Washington Star, November 28, 1980.
14. College Entrance Examination Board, National Report: College - Bound Seniors, 1979, p. 5.
15. Much of this discussion is drawn from Frank E. Armbruster, Our Children's Crippled Future (New York: Quadrangle/ The New York Times Book Co., 1977).
16. Armbruster, p. 44.
17. Perhaps the operative factor is that most of the immigrant children, though penniless, were educated in voluntary, private schools.
18. "College Truth-in-Testing Bill Flunks Out," Washington Post, October 5, 1979. Emphasis added.
19. Thomas Sowell, "Arthur Jensen Rides Again," Washington Post, October 29, 1979. Emphasis added.
20. Time, June 16,  1980,      57.
21. Ibid., p. 55.
22. Ibid., p. 55.
23. Ibid., p. 57.
24. Ibid., p. 59.
25. Ibid.
26. San Francisco Chronicle, March 26, 1980.
27. Time, June 16, 1980, p. 57.
28. National School Public Relations Association.
29. Time, June 16, 1980, p. 55. 
30. Ibid.
31. "Teacher Group's Clout on Carter's Behalf Is New Brand of Special-interest Politics," The Wall Street Journal, August 13, 1980.
32. Ibid.
33. President Jimmy Carter, Remarks at Bill Signing Ceremony, October 17, 1979, Department of Education Act.
34. Time, June 16, 1980, p. 59.
35. National Center for Education Statistics.
36. National Center for Education Statistics.
37. Council for American Private Education.
38. Albert Shanker, "With School Vouchers Come Hucksters," New York Times, July 20, 1980.
39. For a  further survey, see Mark Frazier, "Inner City Schools That Work," Reader's Digest, June, 1980.
40. Coons claimed repeatedly during voucher campaign of 1979 that the educational tax credit (a competing initiative) would worsen the dependent situation of the poor relative to their present treatment in the hands of government. This claim is without apparent foundation.
41. See, e.g. Charles D. Hobbs, The Welfare Industry (Washington, D.C.: The Heritage Foundation, 1973).
42. William F. Buckley, Jr., "Some Blacks 'Tomming' on Education," Washington Star, July 27, 1980.
43. Milton Friedman, letter to John Harris Dean, Committee for Educational Tax Credits, May 22, 1980.
44. Joseph P. McElligott, letter to William D. Burt, National Taxpayers Union, April 10, 1979.
45. Robert D. McCarthy, Consultant - Private Schools, California Department of Education, memorandum to David Campbell, Deputy Superintendent of Programs, March 12, 1979.
46. This assumption is incorporated into Ed Clark's tax and spending plan.
47. Catholic enrollments represented 66.0%, of nonpublic school enrollments, in 1976-77, while "other" religions were 15% and non-affiliated were 14.9%. By 1978-79 this pattern had shifted to 64.5%, 16.4%, and 14.8% respectively (National Center for Education Statistics.)
48. This is facilitated by linking aid to average daily attendance, as is now quite common.
49. N.C.E.S.
50. Thomas Sowell, "Tuition Tax Credits: A Social Revolution," Policy Review.
51. "Parochiaid" is the term invented by the anti-tax credit organization "Americans United For Separation of Church and State" and used to describe without further differentiation any measure which would result in benefits to sectarian schools.
52. Committee for Public Education et.al. v. Nyquist, 413 U.S. 756, 93 S. Ct. 2955 ki973).
53. 93 S. Ct. 2975.
54. Ibid. at 2965. Emphasis added.
55. See, e.g., Moynihan, "Private Schools and the First Amendment," National Review, August 3, 1979., p. 962.
56. 330 U.S. 1.
57. 392 U.S. 236.
58. 403 U.S. 672.
59. 93 S. Ct. at 2967.
60. Ibid.
61. 397 U.S. 664.
62. sec. 93 S. Ct. at 2965.
63. 452 F. Supp. 1316.
64. Ibid. at 1522.
65. Public Funds for Public Schools of New-Jersey, et. al. v. Byrne.
66. See note 8 of Byrne. Also, note 11 goes further to observe that "The Supreme Court has reserved the question whether la genuine tax deduction, such as for charitable contributions,' would satisfy the neutrality test in Walz. (Citations omitted) As we interpret the phrase 'genuine tax deduction,' it refers to the comprehensiveness of the tax relief granted by the challenged statute. Because New Jersey's scheme is insufficiently comprehensive, the law questioned in this case does not create a 'genuine tax deduction.'" (Emphasis added).
67. Such fees are becoming widespread in the wake of tax- revolt inspired limitations on general revenue sources for education; this phenomenon is most advanced in California, when a family can easily spend up to $1,000 a year for fees related to courses and extra-curricular activities in public school.
68. Structured correspondence-type home study courses.
69.  93 S. Ct. at 2975.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.  at 2975.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. See 93 S. Ct. at 2977, 2978.
75. Related in Russell Kirk, "Taxes and Vouchers," National Review, October 13, 1978. p. 1286.
76. California's campaign to tighten accreditation is documented in a memorandum to David Campbell, Deputy Superintendent for Programs, Department of Education, from Robert D. McCarthy, Consultant - Private Schools Education, and dated March 12, 1979. This memorandum lays out rationales for proposed legislation to more thoroughly regulate the booming California private school sector.
77. Moynihan, "Private Schools and the First Amendment," pp. 962-963.
78. Found at I.R.C. Section 170 (a).
79. Rhode island Federation of Teachers, et.al. v. Norberg.
80. Public Funds for Public Schools of New Jersey v. Byrne.
81. These consisted of exemptions for:  supporting dependents, having a spouse, being blind or having a blind spouse, and being 65 or older or having a spouse 65 or older.
82. Letter of February 5, 1980 to Jule R. Herbert, Jr., National Taxpayers Union. Emphasis in the original.

V. Conclusion
Table of Contents